Key limes were grown commercially in the Florida Keys (hence their name) until groves were damaged by a hurricane in the 1920s. They're also known as Mexican or West Indian limes, and are more commonly available in the rest of the world than in the U.S.
Key limes, significantly smaller than Persian limes, are slightly yellow and have more seeds than a Persian lime. Their fragrance is more aromatic and their juice has floral notes.